Since our country's independence in 1971, we've struggled with ensuring fair representation for everyone in our diverse population. In 1972, the government introduced a quota system in civil services to uplift marginalized groups. Initially, the system allocated 20% of positions to freedom fighters, 30% to women, 10% to districts, and 10% to indigenous groups. This structure aimed to create a more inclusive government by providing opportunities to historically underrepresented sections of society.
Over the decades, the quota system underwent several revisions. In 1976, the freedom fighters’ quota was increased to 30%, and the district quota was reduced to 5%. In 1985, the female and district quotas were increased to 15% and 10%, respectively. A 1% quota for the physically challenged was introduced in 1997. The Public Service Commission (PSC) recommended a shift towards a more merit-based recruitment procedure in 2013, sparking widespread debate. The government maintained the existing quota structure in 2014 but emphasized better implementation.
The 2018 Movement: A Turning Point
In 2018, students across Bangladesh erupted in protests, arguing that the quota system had become unfair and discriminatory. They demanded reforms, highlighting that the system, in its current form, benefited a privileged few at the expense of the majority. The movement reached its peak in April 2018 when Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina declared in parliament the abolition of the quota system.
Despite this declaration, the government formed a committee in July 2018 to review the quota system and suggest reforms. By October 2018, the government announced the abolition of the quota system for 1st and 2nd class government jobs (grades 9-13).
This decision was met with mixed reactions; while some saw it as a victory for meritocracy, others criticized it as a rash move that reduced representation for marginalized communities.
Current Status (2024): A System in Flux
As of 2024, the quota system remains a contentious issue. The current structure allocates 56% of positions based on quotas, with the remaining 44% based on merit. This balance has led to widespread dissatisfaction and protests.
Understanding Quota Systems
Quota systems aim to eliminate discrimination by increasing the participation of backward sections in education, business, and government services through preferential treatment. In Bangladesh, the constitutional basis for quotas lies in Articles 28(1) and 29(2), which prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, caste, sex, or place of birth. Article 29(3) further allows the state to make special provisions for any backward section of citizens to ensure their adequate representation in the civil service.
Discrepancies and Criticisms
The quota system in Bangladesh has faced significant criticism over the years. Key issues include the definition of 'backward' sections and the extent of quotas. The constitution does not clearly define what constitutes a 'backward' section, leading to ambiguities and inconsistencies in implementation. Questions also arise regarding the justification of quotas in civil services and whether they benefit the truly marginalized.
For instance, should a person from an affluent family, whose ancestors were freedom fighters, qualify for a quota?
The system’s failure to address such nuances has led to corruption, nepotism, and political lobbying, undermining meritocracy and fostering frustration among the general populace.
The Freedom Fighters' Quota: A Case Study
The freedom fighters' (FFs) quota, originally intended as a reward for those who fought for the country's independence, has become particularly controversial. In 1972, it was believed that this quota would phase out as freedom fighters aged. However, in 1997, the government extended the quota to include freedom fighters' children and in 2010 to their grandchildren.
With the number of freedom fighters and their descendants constituting less than 1% of the population, the 30% quota allocation appears disproportionate.
Historical data reveals that the actual representation of freedom fighters or their wards in civil service positions has never reached the allocated 30%, questioning the necessity and efficacy of such a high quota.
2024: Renewed Protests and Government Response
The recent reinstatement of the 30% allocation for freedom fighters' children by the High Court sparked renewed protests on July 1, 2024. Students from various public and private institutions took to the streets, demanding a merit-based recruitment system. The protests were non-political and non-violent, yet they were met with severe government crackdowns.
I have been witnessing firsthand the struggles and bravery of my peers as they stand up for their rights. Riot police have used tear gas, rubber bullets, and sound grenades against us. Government leaders have labeled the students as "Rajakars" (traitors), a term with heavy historical connotations. Internet services have been cut off in protest areas, and pro-government student bodies have attacked protestors, resulting in injuries and deaths.
On July 16, 2024, six people, including three students, were killed during clashes.
Following the violence, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced a judicial investigation and assured the families of the deceased of her support. However, her earlier refusal to meet the protesters' demands had already intensified the demonstrations.
Intensified Protests and Rising Violence
The situation has escalated dramatically. Just yesterday, students set fire to the state broadcaster's building in Dhaka after the police fired rubber bullets at us. We retaliated, chasing the officers back to the headquarters of Bangladesh Television (BTV) and setting ablaze the broadcaster's reception building and dozens of vehicles parked outside. The death toll has now reached at least 39, with countless others injured.
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina had addressed the nation, seeking to calm the escalating clashes, but her words fell on deaf ears. We demanded an apology and justice for our fallen comrades. The government's response? A near-total internet blackout, further attempts to throttle social media, and restrict mobile data services, key tools for organizing and communicating.
The protests, initially focused on ending the quota system, have now morphed into a broader expression of discontent against Hasina's autocratic rule. Many of us see her as a dictator who misuses state institutions to entrench her hold on power and stamp out dissent. The indefinite closure of schools and universities has not deterred us; if anything, it has fueled our determination.
The Potential Future of the Protests
As I stand amidst the chaos, I can't help but think about where these protests might ultimately lead. The government's heavy-handed crackdown could push the youth beyond a breaking point. For the past 15 years, we have faced increasing censorship and a series of injustices. This built-up frustration is now boiling over. The current movement might not just be about the quota system anymore; it could evolve into a broader demand for systemic change.
Young people like me, who have grown up under a regime that suppresses dissent and limits our freedoms, are reaching a critical juncture. The violent response to our peaceful protests is only fueling our determination.
Every tear gas canister, every rubber bullet, every act of brutality is a reminder of why we need to fight for a better future.
The government’s refusal to listen and its reliance on force rather than dialogue could lead to an escalation of unrest. If the authorities continue to ignore our demands and suppress our voices, the movement could transform into a larger struggle for democracy and human rights. The youth of Bangladesh are resilient, and we are not willing to accept a future where our voices are silenced and our rights are trampled upon.
The international community is beginning to take notice, with calls for the government to protect demonstrators and ensure their safety. This external pressure, combined with our internal resolve, might force the government to reconsider its approach. If the protests continue to grow, the authorities might have no choice but to engage in meaningful dialogue and implement the necessary reforms.
The Need for Rational Reform
The quota reform movement in Bangladesh is more than a struggle for a fair recruitment process; it is a broader call for rational governance and justice. The students' demands reflect a desire for a system that truly benefits marginalized sections without fostering corruption and nepotism. Addressing these questions requires a balanced approach that upholds constitutional principles, ensures genuine representation, and promotes meritocracy.
The ongoing movement serves as a critical reminder of the need for continuous dialogue and reform in the pursuit of a just and equitable society.
The current structure of the quota system, with 56% of positions reserved and the rest based on merit, has led to widespread dissatisfaction. The ongoing protests and the violent response from the government highlight the deep-seated issues within the system. The students' protests are a call for rational reform that addresses the core issues of representation and fairness, ensuring that the system benefits those it was originally intended to uplift. The government’s response to these protests, including police crackdowns and internet blackouts, has only served to exacerbate tensions and highlight the urgent need for meaningful dialogue and reform. As we stand united in our cause, we remain hopeful that our efforts will lead to a brighter, more just future for Bangladesh.
Addendum by the Editor
As of 8:30 PM local time on Thursday, July 18, 2024, we have been unable to receive any further news from our contributor due to a complete severance of internet communications. The last unofficial death toll was reported at 68 people, and there have been unconfirmed reports of police raiding houses and shooting people. Additionally, videos have circulated showing helicopters flying overhead while someone apparently shot down from it. We will continue to monitor the situation and provide updates as they become available.
